| by Hugh Newman | Garden And Woodland Butterflies

It is not enough to be able to recognize a butterfly by its a appearance. You should be able to say where it is most likely to be found and at what season of the year it is on the wing. This little book for the pocket gives these details - as well as describing what the caterpillar of each butterfly looks like - what it eats - and its size when fully grown. You - will find the coloured pictures a great help to identification - and I do hope those of you who carry this book around with you will add your own marginal notes gained from experience in the field.L. Hugh Newman F.R.E.S. The Butterfly Farm - Bexley - Kent
	PURPLE EMPEROR Mid - July to mid - August. Flies round the tops of trees in woods and forests - but the females come down to - search for sallow bushes. on which to lay their eggs. Caterpillar. Sallow. Fully grown 2 ins. long - a clear greenish - blue with two horns on its head - giving it the appearance of a green slug. This butterfly hibernates as a tiny caterpillar in the fork of a branch of a sallow bush. The only British member of its family.
	LARGE WHITE May and June (first brood ) - mid - July to late September (second brood). In gardens - allotments and cabbage fields - and surrounding country. Caterpillar. Cabbages - Horse - radish - Nasturtium - Mignonette - Jack - by - the - Hedge - etc. Fully grown 1 3/4 ins. long - greyish green - with three yellow stripes down the length of its body lives in colonies. Sexes differ - males having one spot on Sexes differ males are spotless on upper - the fore - wing and females two. side females have two spots on each fore wing.
	SMALL WHITE. Mid - April and May (first brood) - June and July (second brood) - late August and September (third brood). In gardens - allotments - cabbage fields and the countryside generally. Caterpillar. Similar to `Large White. Fully gown Vin. in. long - pale" green - with a. yellow line - down the back.
	WOOD WHITE May and June (first brood) - July - and August (partial second brood). Ridings of woods - wooded - lanes. Caterpillar. Birds - foot Trefoil - Tuberous - Everlasting and Garden Peas - Tufted Vetch. Fully grown 4 in. long - bright green with a darker green line down the back - and a yellow stripe each side of its body. A very local butterfly with a slow lazy mode of flight - very fragile winged.
	BRIMSTONE Awakes from hibernation in March. Late July until early Autumn. Visits gardens for early flowers - flies along. the hedgerows of country lanes - woodland ridings and clearings. Caterpillar. Buckthorn bushes only. Fully grown 1 1/2 ins. long - dark green - with.a white stripe along the sides of its body. This butterfly invariably hibernates deep in an evergreen bush - clinging to the under - surface of a leaf males are sulphur yellow - females pale greenish=white.
	LARGE TORTOISESHELL Awakes from hibernation in early April. July and August. Woods and forests - country lanes bordered by elm trees. Caterpillar. Elm - Common and Wych - Sallow - Willow - Poplar - Whitebeam and Cherry. Fully grown 14 ins. long - mottled black and brown - covered with greyish hair and sharp spines. This butterfly retires into hibernation scon after emerging from the chrysalis - usually seeking shelter in a hollow tree - or in stacked wood.
	SMALL TORTOISE SHELL Awakes from hibernation in March: June and July (first brood) - mid - August - September and early. October (second brood). In gardens - sunny lanes - woodland ridings and clearings - rough uncultivated - country. Caterpillar. Stinging nettles only. Fully grown 1 in. long - dark mottled with. yellow - very spiny - lives in silken web in colonies. The butterfly usually hibernates in build from late autumn to early spring.
	PEACOCK Awakes from hibernation in early April mid - July to September. Habitat similar to the Small Tortoiseshell. Caterpillar. Stinging nettles only. Fully grown n 3/4 in - long - black and very spiny lives in a silken web - in colonies. The butterfly hibernates in houses - sheds - barns - etc - from October until late March.
	PAINTED LADY Migrant arriving here from North Africa in the latter part of May or early June mid - July to late autumn - continuously brooded. In gardens - lanes and fields where thistles grow fond of visiting ivy blossom in the autumn - for nectar. Caterpillar. Various species of thistles - burdock - stinging nettle and globe artichoke. Fully grown 1 1/4 ins. long - greyish - black with a pale double stripe down the back and - a yellow stripe along each side of the body very spiny. This butterfly does not hibernate and dies when the cold weather begins in late autumn a - few may migrate south.
	RED ADMIRAL Migrant arriving here from the Mediterranean region in late May or June mid - July to late autumn - continuously brooded. In gardens - feeding from flowering buddleia and Michaelmas daisies - and other cultivated and wild flowers in the country - side - also in orchards where it feeds on rotting fruit. Caterpillar. Stinging nettles. Fully grown 12 ins. long - very varied in colour - may be very dark - greyish - yellowish or greenish - grey - but most forms have lemon - yellow. checkered markings - and are sharply spined. This butterfly seldom survives the winter in this country.
	WHITE ADMIRAL Awakes from hibernation in March July (first brood) - late August to early October (second brood). In early spring may be found feeding from sallow catkins in woodland clearings - country lanes - etc. in autumn visits gardens for the flowers. Caterpillar. Stinging .nettle - hop - elm - red and black currant - gooseberry. Fully grown 1 1/4 ins. long - brownish speckled with grey and yellow - and has a conspicuous white `saddle on its back. This butterfly hibernates right out in the open on the branch or trunk of a tree where it is overlooked - because - of its resemblance to a withered leaf.
	COMMA Late June - July and early August. Woodland clearings. likes to feed from flowering bramble blossoms. Caterpillar. Honeysuckle and Snowberry. Fully grown 14 ins. long - green with a deep white - purple bordered stripe along its sides - and various sharp barbed spines along its back. The butterfly hibernates in a cradle of silk in a curled - up piece of leaf.
	SILVER - WASHED FRITILLARY Late June and July. Woodland clearings only - not heathland. Caterpillar. Narrow - leaved and Greater Plantain - Cow - wheat. Fully grown 1 in. long - black with short bristly hairs. A very local butterfly now only found in Kent - Essex - Sussex and Devon.
	HEATH FRITILLARY July and August. Woodland clearings and forest ridings. Caterpillar. Various species of - violets - wild and garden pansy. Fully grown 14 ins. long - dark brown with two yellowish stripes along the back divided by a thin black line - very spiny - the two longest just behind the head - looking like horns. Hibernates as a minute caterpillar just out of the egg.
	SMALL PEARL - borderED FRITILLARY Late May and June. Similar to the Pearlbordered Fritillary. Caterpillar. Similar to the Pearl - bordered Fritillary. Fully grown 1 in. long - dark brown covered with short black spines.To tell the difference between these two butterflies - examine the underside markings. They are quite distinct - the Small Pearl - bordered having twice as many silver spots on the hind wing.
	PEARL - BORDERED FRITILLARY Mid - may and June. Open clearings an "ridings in woods. Caterpillar. Dog and Sweet Violet. Fully grown 1 in. long - blackish - brown with wide speckled black and white band alon the sides - of its body covered with sho spines: Always emerges a week or so before t Small Pearl - bordered Fritillary.
	HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY July and August. In wooded country - open clearings or the outskirts of copses. Caterpillar. Various species of violets - wild and garden pansy. Fully grown 12 ins. long - brown - with lighter coloured markings and covered with pinkish spines and bristles. Loves to fly in wooded glades where tall flowering thistles abound rests at night amongst the foliage of trees.
	WALL May and June (first brood) - August a September. (second brood). In old walled - gardens - sunny banks and pathways - bo ders of fields and woods. Caterpillar. Various kinds of grass. Full grown 1 in. long - bluish - green - covered with soft downy short pale hairs. This - butterfly likes to bask in the sun with wings pressed flat to the warm soi or against an old stone wall.
	SPECKLED WOOD (or Wood Argus) April (first brood) - June (second brood ) - September (third brood) . Shady woodland pathways - shady country lanes. Caterpillar. Various grasses. Fully grown 1 in - . long - bright green - with a darker line down the back bordered on each side with a light yellowish - green line - and other faint pale lines along its sides. The butterfly is almost continuously brooded from early spring to late autumn.
	RINGLET July and early August. Wooded country old country lanes with high hedgerow Caterpillar. Various grasses. Fully grow 1 in long - pale brownish - yellow - with darker fine down the back - and light pink - tinted stripes along its sides - slightl hairy. This butterfly will flutter about on sun less days - even if it is drizzling with rain
	COMMON BLUE May and June (first brood) - August and September (second brood). In uncultivated orchards and gardens - fields and hillsides. Caterpillar. Birds - foot Trefoil - Restharrow - Black Medick - white clover - Fully grown 1/2 in. long - bright green - with darker stripe down the back - and a lighter stripe s on either side. Shaped like a woodlouse .These butterflies live in colonies - and frequent the same places year after year.
	HOLLY BLUE Emerges from chrysalis in April and May (first brood) - mid - July to mid: - August (second brood). In gardens and parks. Caterpillar Spring brood feed on flower buds of holly and dogwood. Portugal laurel and bukthorn autumn brood on uopen ivy blossoms. Fully grown 1/2 in long - pale green with pink markings along back and sides - shaped like a woodlouse. This is one of the few butterflies that spends the winter in the chrysalis stage.
	SMALL COPPER May (first brood) - July (second brood) - September (thrird brood). Uncultivated orchards - meadows - sunny banks and hillsides. Caterpillars. Docks and sorrel. Fully grown 3/4 in long dark green often marked with pink - woodlouse shaped. Sexes do not differ - but colour varieties occur - raging from white through pale straw to deep gold.
	BROW HAIRSTREAK August and September. Open woodland - and uncultivated land where blackthorn hedges grow. Caterpillar. Blackthorn and various types of plum trees. Fully grown 1/2 in. long - pale green with yellowish green streaks across the body - segments. This butterfly is seldom seen on the wing but it does visit bramble blossom for nectar on sunny days.
	BLACK HAIRSTREAK Mid - June to mid - July. Wooded countr Caterpillar. Blackthorn. Fully grown 1/2 in long - clear green - with yellow streaks and pale line of the same colour along the side of its body - while the back is ornamente with pink markings. One of our rarest butterflies - confined - t some Midland counties. It haunts the prive blossom for nectar.
	WHITE - LETTER HAIRSTREAK July and early August. In lanes and wooded country where Wych Elms grow. Caterpillar - Wych Elm. Fully grown 2 in. long - light green with similar yellowish markings on its body to those of the Black Hairstreak. Is so local that it is known to have bred on certain isolated Wych Elm trees for as long as can be remembered.
	LARGE SKIPPER Mid - June to mid - August. Uncultivated fields - downland - woods and forests. Caterpillar. Various .grasses: Fully grown 1 in. long - bluish - green - with a darker strip down the back and yellow line along th sides. of its body. The butterfly has a curious restin position when basking in the sun - wit fore - wings raised and hind - wings lowere at right angles to its bod
	PURPLE HAIRStrEAK July and August. Forest and woodlands. Caterpillar. Oak. Fully grown in. long - chrous - brown with a dark stripe. down the red stripes across its body - covered with short lighl - brown spines. The butterflies like to congregate on th spreading upper branches of old oak trees The sexes differ the female has dee purple patches on its fore - wings - whereas the male is greyish - purple all over.
First published in 1954 by Brockhampton Press Ltd - Market Place - Leicester. Printed in Great Britain by Nutt & Stevens Ltd - Leicester. Designed by Gerald Wilkinson

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