| Brooke Bond | PG Tips tea cards offered in the interest of education | History of the Motor Car


	01 1770 CUGNOT'S 3-WHEEL STEAM trACTOR (FRANCE) The first road vehicles were powered by steam and this one built in Paris by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot (1723-1804) would only run for 15 minutes at about 6 mph The drive was through the front wheel and the weight of all the mechanism and made it difficult to steer so it was very unsafe. Big coal-fired steam coaches ran surprisingly well in Britain around 1830 but steam engines were generally too heavy and too complicated to operate successfully in private cars though four firms Serpollet in France and White Stanley Doble in the USA built practical liquid fired cars - the latter two as late as the 1920's.
	02 1885 BENZ 3-WHEELER 1.7 LItrES (GERMANY) Siegfried Marcus (1831-1898) an eccentric Austrian inventor built three petrol driven cars between 1873-5 that ran at under 5 mph but he never developed them or influenced later designs. The true fathers of the automobile were the Germans Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) and Karl Benz (1944-1929). Both built experimental cars in 1885 but Bent was the first to manufacture them for sale to the general public in 1888. The early 3 and 4-wheeled Benz cars had a single cylinder horizontal engine in the rear of a tubular frame built on bicycle principles a 2 speed transmission by belts and chains and a maximum speed of 12 mph
	03 1895 PANHARD ET LEVASSOR 4 HP 1.3 LItrES (FRANCE) In 1887 the wood-working machinery firm of Panhard et Levassor started making Gottlieb Daimler's engines under license in France. 1891 they built a car incorporating the now famous 'systeme Panhard' with the V-twin cylinder Daimler engine at the front of a wooden chassis The car had solid rubber tyres friction clutch a sliding pinion 3 speed gearbox tiller steering. and chain drive to the rear wheels thus setting basic design pattern for most cars that followed. In 1895 Emile Levassor drove a very similar car single-handed for 48¾ hours to win the 1932 Paris-Bordeaux-Paris race at an average a 15 mph The car had solid rubber tyres and tiller steering.
	04 1898 RENAULT 1¾ HP 240cc (FRANCE) The great town-to-town races in France flourished in the 'nineties' and the initiative in motor manufacture passed from Germany to France with Panhard the premier make. In 1898 a Frenchman Louis Renault (1877-1944) mounted a single cylinder engine from his De Dion tricycle at the front of a tiny tubular chassis and gave his first car a shaft drive transmission (no chains) and a gearbox with direct drive in top gear - setting another design trend. A big 13:4 litre 4 cylinder Renault won the first French Grand Prix at Le Mans in 1906 and today Renault is France's largest car manufacturer.
	05 1899 LA JAMAIS contentE ELECtrIC CAR (FRANCE) The few electric cars that have been built have invariably been for town use due to their short range - heavy batteries and low speed. However at Acheres in France in 1899 the Belgian Camille Jenatzy (1868-1913) known as the Red Devil because of his red beard became the first driver officially to exceed 60 ph when he reached 65.7 mph and set up an early land speed record on this electric car of his own design. Note the pnuematic tyres first used on a competition car in the 1895 Paris-Bordeaux-Paris race by the Michelin brothers on their Peugeot.
	06 1901 MERCEDES 35 HP 6 LItrES (GERMNAY) The first Mercedes built by the German Daimler firm at Cannstatt was designed by Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) with the help of Gottlieb Daimler's son Paul and was named after the daughter of a rich Austraian called Emile Jellinek who financed it. Often called the first modern car it has a pressed steel frame - a smooth 4 cylinder engine - a honeycomb radiator - gate gear change - mechanical inlet values and a jet carburettor. Later models were called Mercedes-Benz after Daimler's amalgamation with the Benz firm in 1924 - but there is no connection with the English Daimler Company of Coventry.
	07 1902 NAPIER 35 HP GORDON BENNETT RACING CAR 6.4 LItrES (GB) In the early years of the century the Napier was the premier British make and produced the first successful 6 cylinder car engine in 1903. Their first designer was Montague Napier (1870-1931) grandson of the founder of David Napier And Sons of Lambeth - Londn - originally makers of coin weighing machinery. The Australian driver S F Edge won the 1902 Gordon Bennett International race from Paris to Innsbruck in this 4 cylinder Napier after his French rivals in faster cars had fallen by the wayside. This was the first international racing victory by a British Car.
	08 1903 LANCHESTER 12 HP 4 LItrES (GB) Dr Frederick W Lanchester (1868-1946) designed and built the first practical British 4-wheeled petrol vehicle in 1895. His production cars were scientifically designed and owed little to their competitors who had hardly any influence on a genius like Lanchester. This 1903 car had a balanced 'vibrationless' 2 cylinder horizontal engine set amidships in the chassis with two counter-rotating crankshafts - electric ignition - 3 speed epicyclic gearbox with pre-selector control - tiller steering and a worm drive back axle. A rigid chassis and soft suspension gave excellent and comfortable road holding.
	09 1903 OLDSMOBILE 5 HP CURVED DASH 1½ LItrES (usa) Although the first American car was built by the Dureya brothers in 1893 - Ransom Eli Olds was the first to produce cars for a mass market. This 'Merry Oldsmobile' of the song was a typical American 'gas-buggy' with a centrally mounted single cylinder horizontal engine - a 2 speed epicyclic gearbox and chain drive to the rear axle. It was not really rugged enough for the long journeys - and maximum speed was 20 mph. After 1904 wheel steering replaced the tiller and a dummy bonnet was fitted instead of the curved dash to make the car look more European.
	10 1907 ROLLS-ROYCE 40/50 HP SILVER GHOST 7/7.4 LItrES (GB) In 1904 a racing car officially exceeded 100 mph for the first time. Rigolly on a 13½ litre opposed piston Gobron-Brille. After 1904 cars were no longer primitive veterans incorporating belt drive tiller steering and hot tube ignition. This Rolls Royce epitomises the best cars of the Edwardian era. Henry Royce (1863-1933) later Sir Henry- was apprenticed to the Great Northern Railway Co. and formed Rolls-Royce in 1906 with the Hen. C S Rolls racing driver and pioneer airman The 6 cylinder Silver Ghost was in production 19 years and it set a new standard in mechanical refinement and quiet running - hence its name!
	11 1908 FORD MODEL T 2.9 LItrES (USA.) Henry Ford (1863-1947) was an American of Irish-English immigrant stock and built his first car with 4 bicycle wheels and a 2 cylinder engine in Detroit in 1696. He made a name himself fur a time designing and driving racing cars and in 1903 started the Ford Motor Co. 1908 he Drought out his famous Model T which stayed in production until 1927 by which time 15 million had been sold. This remarkable car had a 4 cylinder side-valve engine a flywheel magneto for ignition (and later lighting) and 2 speed epicyclic transmission. It was cheap strong reliable and easy to maintain.
	12 1911 FIAT GRAND PRIX 14.1 LItrES (ITalY) Town-to-town racing ceased after accidents in the 1903 Paris-Madrid race caused the event to be stopped at Bordeaux and the Gordon Bennett contests were then held on closed circuits until 1905. Although Grand Prix races from 1906 were held under formulae limiting fuel consumption weight or cylinder bore generally the engines got larger and cars more unmanageable. This huge 4 cylinder single overhead camshaft Fiat designed by Avocato Carlo Cavalli was one of the last of the chain-driven monsters and won the 1911 American Grand Prize at Savannah at 74.45 mph driven by the wealthy 23 year old American amateur David Bruce-Brown.
	13 1912 PEUGEOT GRAND PRIX 7.6 LItrES (FRANCE) The pioneer Peugeot firm had been successful in 'voiturette' (small car) races with their Lion Peugeots named after their trademark the Lion of Belfort. Their 1912 GP car marked a watershed in racing engine design with the first twin overhead camshaft high efficiency engine and brought the monster racing car era to an end with a win over the S74 Fiats in the 1912 two-day French GP The cars were designed by the Swiss draughtsman Ernest Henry (1885-1950) together with the French driver engineers Georges Boillot (winner of the 1912 French GP) and Jules Goux with the Spaniard Paul Zuccarelli.
	14 1913 BEBE PEUGEOT 850cc(FRANCE) The little Bebe Peugeot was notable for two things firstly it was the original 'miniature' car and thus the forerunner of the Baby Austins and Morris up to Minors of the 1920's and secondly it was designed by the famous artist/engineer Effore Bugatti. The 1912 version had a 2 speed transmission increased to 3 speeds in 1913. Open cars were capable of 35 mph but this little saloon was limited to 27 mph and road holding was not recognised Bugatti standards. In the 1920's the bigger Peugeots had sleeve-valve engines. and Renault are the only French manufacturers still surviving from this period.
	15 1914 MERCER TYPE 35 RACEABOUT 5 LItrES (usa) Some of the finest American cars ever built designed the 1910-16 sports cars typified by the Stutz 'Bearcat' Lozier Locomobile and the type 35 Mercer. The Mercer Co of New Jersey was started in 1909 by the Roebling family whose firm built the Brooklyn Bridge The Type 35 was designed by Finlay Robertson Porter (1872-1964) and in its 4 cylinder engine the side-valves were in T formation. The Type 45 was successfully raced. amongst its drivers being Washington Roebling II son of the firm's founder who was drowned in the 'Titanic' disaster in 1912.
	16 DUSENBERG GRAND PRIX 3 LItrES (USA.) The brothers Fred and August Dusenberg were born in Germany bur went to the USA children in 1885 when their parents emigrated. They built racing cars before the first World War and this post-war straight 8 cylinder Dusenberg was the only American car to win a European GP. between the wars when it won the 1921 French GP at Le Mans driven by as Timmy Murphy; The engine was inspired by Bugatti aero-engines developed by the Dusenbergs during the war and the car featured hydraulic 4-wheel brakes using glycerin and water. After making expensive touring cars Fred died in 1932 aged 53 and August in 1955.
	17 1921 TalBOT-DARRACQ VOITURETTE 1½ litres (FRANCE) The French firm Darracq absorbed the British Talbot and Sunbeam companies in 1919/20 to form the Sunbeam-Talbot-Darracq combine. The 4 cylinder Talbot-Darracq shown here had an engine which was virtually half the straight 8 fitted to rather unsuccessful 3 litre GP. cars built by the Std combine for Indianapolis and the French GP in 1921. These Talbot-Darracqs were unbeatable in voiturette races up to 1925 and dominated the Brooklands 200 mile races of the period Henry De Hane Segrave and Kenelm Lee Guinness being prominent drivers.
	18 1922 GN CYCLECARS 1.1 LItrES (GB) Cyclecars consisting of air-cooled one or two cylinder engines in simple belt or chain driven chassis were popular immediately before and after the 1914-18 war and bridged the gap between the motor-cycle and sidecar and the small car. One of the best was the GN built by a firm founded in 1910 by two young men in their early twenties 'Archie' Frazer-Nash (1889-1965) and H R Godfrey (b 1887). The cars featured V-twin engines with belt 2 speeds and wire and bobbin steering on early and 3 speeds and chain drive on later ones. Sports and racing models were very successful in competitions.
	19 1922 BABY AUSTIN 7 HP 696/717cc (GB) Herbert Austin (1866-1941) later Lord Austin began as a designer for Wolseleys in 1896. He drove a Wolseley in the 1903 Paris-Madrid race and started his own firm in 1906 it is said he designed the Austin 7 in 1921 on his billiard table though his chief designer from 1919-1941 was electric lighting A J Hancock (1882-1959) who had been with been with him at Wolseleys. The memorable Austin 7 ousted the cyclecars and brought motoring to thousands who otherwise could never have afforded it. In December 1922 it cost �165 had a side-valve 4 cylinder engine 3 speed gearbox electric lighting and rather feeble 4-wheel brakes.
	20 1922 trOJAN l 1/5 LItrES (GB) There has never been a car like the Trojan. designed by Leslie Hounsfield (1877-1957) before the Great War as a really simple and economical car it was manufactured by the Leyland lorry firm and sold well in the 1920's when it cost little more than the Austin 7. The engine was a horizontal 4 cylinder but 2 plug duplex 2-stroke situated under the front seat; and started by pulling an internal lever. The punt-like chassis was pressed-steel the gearbox 2 speed epicyclic and the bonnet housed the petrol rank and carburettor Solid tyres were optional and the Trojan though slow would climb any hill
	21 1922 VAUXHalL 30/98 E TYPE 4½ LItrES (GB) Laurence H Pomeroy (1883-1941) the designer of the 30/98 Vauxhall was apprenticed to the North Western Locomotive Works at Bow when aged 16. The side-valve 4 cylinder E Type 30/98 catalogued from 1919-1922 was basically Edwardian in design and developed from the pre-war Prince Henry Vauxhall. Highly successful at sprints and hill-climbs and at Brooklands before the days of the big international sports car races the E Type cost �1300 and was the fastest British sporting car of its day capable of 80-100 mph.
	22 1923 SUNBEAM GRIND PRIX 2 LItrES (GB) Driven by Henry (later Sir Henry) Segrave this 6 cylinder car won the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours the only British car to win this important race in a period of over 50 years. Modelled on the unbeatable 1923 2 litre GP. Fiat it was actually designed by the Italian Vincent Berrarione who had been on the Fiat design team and built by Sunbeam at Wolverhampton under their chief engineer Frenchman Louis Coatalen. The rival Fiats pioneered superchargers at Tours which gave trouble and caused their retirement. A supercharged 2 litre Sunbeam won the 1924 Spanish GP. the following year.
	23 1924 BENTLEY 3 LItrES (GB) Waiter Owen Bentley (b 1888) was apprenticed to the Great Northern Locomotive Works in Doncaster at 16 and successfully tuned and raced motor cycles and French GP cars before the Great War. During the war he designed the BR1 and BR2 rotary aero-engines and immediately after the war the 3 litre Bentley. This had a 4 cylinder single overhead camshaft engine and a 3 litre won the Le Mans 24 Hour Race in 1924 and 1927 whilst bigger Bentleys (4½ and 6½) litres won there from 1928-30 inclusive. Rolls Royce took over the old Bentley firm in 1931 and in 1935 W O Bentley went to Lagonda
	24 MORRIS COWLEY BULLNOSE 1½ LItrES (GB) William Richard Morris (1877-1963) afterwards Lord Nuffield began as a cycle repairer in Oxford and built his first Morris Oxford in 1913. It was an 'assembly job' with the main components bought from outside firms the engine being made by White & Poppe. The Cowley was born on the liner 'Maurerania' in August 1914 when Morris and Hans Landstad commenced its design whilst on their way to buy engines from Continental of Detroit at �18 each. After the war Morris had this 4 cylinder side-valve engine made in the French Horchkiss Company's factory at Coventry
	25 1925. LEYLAND-thOMAS SPECIal 7.2 LItrES (GB) The first banked motor racing track in the world was opened during 1907 at Brooklands Weybridge Surrey. A star driver who raced there in the 1920's was also a great designer the Welsh born John Godfrey Parry Thomas (1885-1927). This racing car was developed from the luxury Leyland 8 touring car which Parry Thomas designed with his young assistant Reid Railton and it lapped Brooklands at 129.36 mph in 1925. The engine was a straight 8 cylinder with an overhead camshaft and the chassis featured anti-roll torsion bars. Parry Thomas was killed during a record attempt in 1927
	26 1425 LANCIA LAMBDA 2.1 LItrES (ITalY) The burly cheerful Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) was an ace racing driver for Fiat until 1906. His forceful driving often meant he rook the lap record and then retired leaving final victory to his less exuberant team-mate Felice Nazzaro. When he starred his own car firm in Turin in 1907 he adopted the lance ('lancia') as his trademark and one of his most famous models was the Lambda designed in 1921 and first produced in 1923. Its advanced specification included sliding pillar independent front suspension integral body and chassis and a single overhead camshaft V4 engine with an alloy block.
	27 1927 BUGATTI GRAND PRIX TYPE 35B SUPERCHARGED 2.3 LItrES (FRANCE) Ettore Bugarri (1881-1947) was born in Milan and has been described as the last of the artist/engineers. He had no formal scientific training only a natural mechanical ability. His factory at Molsheim in Alsace-Lorraine had a country estate atmosphere and his love of thoroughbred horses is shown in the Bugatti horseshoe-shaped radiator. Bugarri manufactured racing cars for private sale so more Bugattis took part in races and won them than any other make. The most successful was this 120 mph 35B with a super charged straight 8 single overhead camshaft engine and alloy wheels.
	28 1927 RILEY NINE MONACO SalOON 1.1 LItrES (GB) The Riley firm of Coventry originally made weaving machinery but Percy Riley (1883-1941) who built his first car shortly after leaving King Henry VIII Grammar School was responsible for the design of the 4 cylinder Riley 9 in 1926 with his brother Stanley (1884-1952). The outstanding light car of its day the Riley 9 was remarkable for Percy Riley's cylinder head with hemispherical combustion chambers and over head valves operated via push rods by two high set camshafts. The fabric body being light and rattle free was popular in the late 1920s. A racing version of the Nine called the Brooklands was developed by Parry Thomas and Reid Railton.
	29 DELAGE GRAND PRIX SUPERCHARGED 1½ LItrES (FRANCE) Louis Delage (1874-1947). the son of a stationful master in Cognac lost the use of one eye at birth but became an engineer at Peugeot and starred his own firm in 1906. It was successful until 1935 but Delage was to die in poverty. He made a pilgrimage from Paris to Lisieux on foot and to Lourdes by bicycle when nearly 70. This success 128 mph straight 8 Grand Prix Delage designed by Albert Lory had a complicated 'watchlike' engine with 21 timing and auxiliary gears driving camshafts magneto oil pumps etc. In 1936 a rebuilt 10 year old example was still winning Important racer.
	30 1928 MILLER FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE SUPERCHARGED 1½ LItrES (USA.) Harry Armenius (1875-1943) was born in Wisconsin of a German father and a Canadian mother. His engine building talent was apparent in 1915 when he and his assistant Fred Offenhauser rebuilt a 1913 Henry Peugeot engine and which performed better than the original. Later he built conventional chassis to house his straight 8 racing engines but he is most famous for his track race winning front-wheel-drive design which first appeared in 1925. In 1939 Miller built a four-wheel-drive rear engined racing car 4 cylinder Offenhauser engines based on Miller's concept were still winning at Indianapolis in the early 'sixties.
	31. 1928 alVIS FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE SUPERCHARGED 1½ LItrES (GB) At the same time as Miller in the USA was designing a fwd track car two Britons evolved an fwd sprint car for Alvis of Coventry. These were GT Smith-Clarke (1884-1960) who commenced his career with the Great Western Railway and a Scot W M Dunn (b 1885) who was apprenticed as a marine engineer. The sprint car was more successful than the fwd Grand Prix cars built in 1926/27 and the design culminated this advanced single overhead camshaft 4 cylinder sports car with all four wheels independently sprung. Despite some racing successes Alvis only developed the independent suspension aspect of their sports fwd project which they abandoned in 1930.
	32 1931 HISPANO-SUIZA TYPE 68 V12 9½ LItrES (SPAIN) Marc Birkigt (1878-1963) war a Swiss born in Geneva and went to Barcelona to work on electric locomotives. In 1904 he started his car factory with Spanish finance hence the name Hispana-Suiza. His 'Alfonso' sporting model of 1912 achieved fame and during the 1914-18 war he designed the V8 aero-engines fitted to the SE5 fighter aircraft as used by Guynemer's Stork Squadron. Birkigt adopted the stork as his mascot on his post-war cars commencing with an overhead camshaft 6 cylinder. This magnificent 200 mph V12 was built in the Paris factory from 1931-38. The engine was also used to power fast the railcars.
	33 1933 NAPIER-RAILTON trACK CAR 24 LItrES (GB) After the first World War some of the fastest cars raced at Brooklands were made by putting ex-wartime aeroplane engines into large pre-war chain-drive chassis. Gaunt Louis Zborowski's 'Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bangs' being typical examples. Much more sophisticated was this car built for the famous driver John Cobb using a 450 hp. Napier Lion 12 cylinder aero-engine in a special shaft-drive chassis designed by Reid Railton. When Brooklands closed in 1939 it held the ultimate lap record at 143.44 mph and amongst its long-distance records was one of 24 hours at 150.6 mph at Bonnevilie Salt Flats Utah in 1936.
	34. 1934 MORRIS 8 98cc (GB) The Morris 8 designed by Boyle and Westbury is typical of the smaller British family cars of the 1930's. In 1927 Morris Motors took over Wolseley and the single overhead camshaft on the original Morris Minor engine of 1928 was a Wolseley feature. This engine and chassis also formed the basis of the famous MG M-type Midget. In 1931 the side-valve Morris Minor replaced the overhead camshaft model but this Morris 8 was longer and wider than the previous 4-door Minor saloon and its side-valve engine survived in the early post-war Morris Minor immediate predecessor of the Morris 1000 of today.
	35 1934 ERA SUPERCHARGED 1½ LItrES (GB) ERA. stood for English Racing Automobiles. Although Austin and MG built some fine 750cc and 1100cc racing cars in the ERAs scored the major British victories at home and abroad in the 1½ litre voiturette class which their main rivals were the Italian Maseraris. The designer of the ERA was Peter Berthon BRM (b 1906) who used a racing adaptation of the 6 cylinder Riley engine with a pre-selector gear the 1930's box in a chassis which received development by Reid Railton. Racing drivers Raymond Mays and in Humphrey Cook were behind the EPA project and Mays and Berthon went on to build them after the war.
	36 1935 LAGONDA 4½ Litre SalOON (GB) A light sports version of this handsome saloon won the 1935 Le Mans 24 Hour Race. This Cranmer designed M45 model used a conventional chassis fitted with a proprietary 6 cylinder pushrod overhead valve engine designed by R S Crump (b 1894) and built by the Henry Meadows Co. of Wolverhampton. When W O Bentley joined Laganda in 1935 he developed the M45 into the more refined LG45 After the war a new 6 cylinder Lagonda engine designed by Bentley war fitted to the David Brown Aston Martin a famous British sporting make which won the 1959 Le Mans race.
	37 AUTO-UNION GRAND PRIX CAR SUPERCHARGED 4.3 LItrES (GERMANY) Some of the greatest German and Austrian cars from the early years of the century until the 1950's- Austro-Daimler Mercedes-Benz AutoUnion Volkswagen and Porsche - were designed by one man the Austrian Dr Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1952). This Auto-Union was designed for the 1934-37 Grand Prix formula limiting weight to 750 kgs. labour 14 cwt. It had a V16 cylinder engine and was chief rival to the successful Mercedes GP cars of the era. Its unique rear engined layout made the Auto-Union tricky to handle and only three drivers really mastered it.
	38 1835. CAMPBELL SPECIal 'BLUEBIRD' SUPERCHARGED 36½ LItrES (GB) The first man to exceed 200 mph in a car was Segrave in 1927 at Daytona Beach Florida by driving a 45 litre 3¾ ton chain-driven Sunbeam Special fitted with two old 1914/18 war 'Matabele' aero-engines one in front and the other behind the driver. First over 300 mph was Sir Malcolm Campbell in 1935 on the Bonneville Salt Flats Utah in this 5 ton 'Bluebird' designed Reid Railtan and fitted with a new Schneider Trophy-winning Rolls-Royce 'R' racing aircraft engine. It was customary to paint British and American crossed flags on British cars record breaking in USA
	39 1935 VOLKSWAGEN V3 PROTOTYPE 996cc (GERMANY) This prototype of Dr Porsche's Volkswagen (Peoples' Car) does not look very different from the famous 'beetle' still selling in huge numbers (one million were built in 1966 alone) over 30 years later. On the production cars the rear mounted air-cooled engine with 4 horizontally opposed cylinders was increased to 1.2 litres capacity with 1.3 1½ and 1.6 versions being introduced more recently. The advanced suspension was independent all round using torsion bars as the springing medium - a system also adopted an the Auto-Union GP car.
	40 1934 BMW 328 2 Litres (Germany) This 100 mph German car made in Munich by the Bayrrische Motoren Werke could be called the prototype of the modern sports car with smooth body contours and light construction The BMW was one of the first sports cars with enveloping bodywork and had a tubular chassis rack and pinion steering and independent front suspension. Known in England as the Frazer Nash BMW its 6 cylinder engine used an in its ingenious system of transverse push-rods to give many advantages of the more costly twin overhead camshaft design. This engine was used in the early post-war Bristol cars.
	41 1938 alFA ROMEO TYPE 158A RACING CAR SUPERCHARGED 1½ LItrES (ITalY) The first designer for this great Milan firm from 1910-26 was Giuseppe Merosi (1872-1956) originally trained as a building surveyor. More famous was his successor Vittorio lane (1891-1965) who designed various Alfa Romeos that proved world beaters in both Grand Prix and sports car racing up to 1937. This straight 8 158A was the work of Gioacchino Colombo (b 1903). Originally built for voiturette racing it achieved its greatest fame when developed into a Grand Prix car for the first post-war formula and was unbearable for most of the time it was racing between 1946 and 1951. In its final 200 mph Type 159 form it developed 400 bhp and used fuel at the rate of 1½ mpg
	42. 1948 JAGUAR XK120 5.1 LItrES (GB) The Jaguar Company was founded by Sir William Lyons (b 1901) who originally manufactured sidecars and then special 'Swallow' bodywork on various manufacturers' chassis. His first pre-war SS (Standard Swallow) cars introduced in 1931 had Standard chassis and engines bur the XK120 was entirely manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd with Claude Baily (b 1902) William Heynes (b 1903) and Waiter Hassan (b 1905) forming the design team. From it sprang the famous 'C' and 'D' type Jaguars Le Mans winners In 1951 1953 and 1955-57 The 120 mph plus XK120 had a 6 cylinder twin overhead cam shaft engine.
	43 CItrOEN DS19 FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE 1.9 LItrES (FRANCE) When Citroen produced their fwd Twelve in 1914 it was considered revolutionary but the DS 19 in 1955 was thought to be even more so. The 4 cylinder push-rod engine was a more powerful version of the previous light 15 engine but the chassis was entirely new. The most interesting feature of the car was the hydraulic power supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the steering and brakes operate the clutch and gear change level the hydro-pneumatic suspension and adjust its height automatically. It was also the first production car to have disc brakes on the front wheels only.
	44 1958 VANWalL GRAND PRIX 2½ LItrES (GB) Despite brave efforts by old ERAs in the 1940's and by H W M and Connaught in the early 1950's Britain did not have a competitive car between the Sunbeams of 192¾ and the Vanwalls of 1957/8. G A Vandervell (1900-1967) the bearing and accessory manufacturer sponsored a 4 litre Ferrari known as the 'Thinwall Special' in the early 1950's On which his ream of Vanwalls was to some extent bared. GP. Norton motor-cycle racing experience war incorporated in the fuel injection 4 cylinder engine whilst the chassis was developed by Colin Chapman(b 1928) of Lorur fame and Frank Costin.
	45. 1958. COOPER-CLIMAX GRAND PRIX 1.96 LItrES (GB) John Cooper (b 1923) With his father Charles had built very successful little 500cc racing cars immediately after the war with rear mounted area motor-cycle engines. After Building front engined Formula 2 (voiturette) Bristol-engined cars they entered the Grand Prix field with this basically Formula 2 Coventry-Climax mid-engined car under the sponsorship of Rob Walker and with its low weight and small frontal area beat the larger 2½ litre front engined cars early in 1958 in the Argentine and Monaco GPs. Within 3 years the Cooper layout with rear engine behind the driver was universal in racing
	46 1959 MORRIS MINI MINOR. FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE 848cc (GB) 1951 saw a merger between Morris and Austin and these two makes plus MG. Wolseley and Riley all came under the new British Motor Corporation The RMC Mini designed by Alec Issigonis (b 1906) was the first really revolutionary mass-produced British car. The 4 cylinder engine was not fundamentally new and the rack and pinion steering was like that on the Issigonis designed Morris Minor so the remarkable features of the Mini were its unique fwd design with a transverse engine enclosing the 'gearbox' in its crankcase to give more passenger space tiny 10 inch wheels and all independent variable rate rubber suspension.
	47 1965 ROVER-BRM. LE MANS GAS TURBINE CAR (GB) This rear-wheel-drive car was a product of Rover's car gas turbine research and BRM's chassis design experience in GP racing the first gas turbine car ever to be raced and it finished the 1965 Le Mans race in 10th place at 98¾ mph and averaged 13.51 miles to the gallon. Rover's Noel Penny was responsible for the engine design and David Bache for the styling whilst the BRM chassis was designed under A C Rudd of the Owen Organisation.
	48. 1967. FERRARI P4 4 LItrES (ITalY) With its V12 engine situated behind the driver this Ferrari is a typical modern sports racing car. Although Ferraris won at Le Mans from 1960-65 they had to give best to the larger 200 mph GT 40 7 litre Fords in 1966 and 1967. Enzo Ferrari (b 1898) managed Alfa Romeo's racing on affairs from 1929-1937 but he achieved greater fame since the 1939-45 war with his own racing and sports cars made at the works near his birthplace at Modena. The shield depicting the Ravenna horse was originally presented to Ferrari after he had won the 1923 Circuit of Savio race an Alfa Romeo
	49 1968 JENSEN FF FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE 6.3 LItrES (GB) F Alan Jensen (b 1906) and his brother Richard (b 1909) started rather lite William Lyons of Jaguar by building their own sports bodywork on other manufacturers' chassis at West Bromwich in the early 1930's. Although their prewar cars had Jensen designed chassis the engines were American Ford V8 Lincoln V12 and Nash straight 8. This automatic gearbox 140 mph Jensen FF (Ferguson Formula) first introduced In 1966 has an American V8 Chrysler engine and is the first high performance car incorporating four-wheel-drive to be offered to the public. It uses the unique Ferguson transmission system.
	50 1968 NUS-WANKEL Ro 80 FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE 1990cc (GERMANY) The reciprocating piston engine has held sway since Benz's time and basically engines have not radically altered since the early days of motoring. Gas turbines seem more suitable for heavy commercial vehicles or Indianapolis track cars - but this 112 mph production NSU designed by Ewald Praxl (b 1911) has a vibration-free lightweight rotary piston engine of a type first produced by the German Felix Wankel in 1957 and seems a practical alternative to the traditional car engine. It is a 128 bhp twin-chamber unit but with 2 carburettors 2 coils and 4 sparking plugs in a typical modern fwd chassis.
Illustrated by Kenneth Rush Described by Peter Hull	*Source material provided by DVLC - Dave's Vertiable Loft Centre* *Source material provided by Wudge*

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